Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 8th Edition by Moran, Shapiro, Boettner and Bailey continues its tradition of setting the standard for teaching students how to be effective problem solvers. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 8th Edition. Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics edition by moran shapiro boettner and bailey solution manual Daisie D. Shapiro Margaret B. Bailey Michael J. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics Borgnakke Sonntag 8th Edition solutions manual.
Instant download Solution Manual for Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics 8th Edition by Moran Shapiro Boettner and Bailey slideshare The Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics 8th Edition by Moran will help you master the concepts of the end-of-chapter questions in your textbook.
Download your free …. Search for:. This EOS substitutes for a table when it is applicable. To have a liquid the pressure must be higher than or equal to the saturation pressure. There is no printed propane table so we use the compressibility chart and Table A. There is no printed propane table but the software has propane included.
Solution: The behavior of a pure substance depends on the absolute pressure, so P in the tables is absolute. Look at the phase diagram in Fig. The minimum P in the liquid phase is at the triple point. From Table 2. L The kPa is below S the triple point. As the skate comes over the ice the pressure is increased dramatically right under the blade so it brings the state straight up in the diagram crossing the fusion line and brings it into a liquid state at same temperature. The very thin liquid film under the skate changes the friction to be viscous rather than a solid to solid contact friction.
Friction is thus significantly reduced. Comment: The latest research has shown that the pressure may not be enough to generate the liquid, but that such a liquid layer always exist on an ice surface, maybe only a few molecules thick dependent upon temperature. At really low T say oC no such liquid layer exists which is why your finger can stick to such a surface.
A lower pressure means that water will boil at a lower temperature, see the vaporization line in Fig. You therefore must increase the cooking time a little. See Table B. Look at the phase diagrams in Figs 2. Below the triple point the sublimation curve has very small pressures, but not zero. So for pressures below the saturation pressure the substance is a vapor.
If the phase diagram is plotted in linear coordinates the small vapor region is nearly not visible. This state is a two-phase mixture of liquid and vapor.
There is no mass at the indicated state, the v value is an average for all the mass, so there is some mass at the saturated vapor state fraction is the quality x and the remainder of the mass is saturated liquid fraction 1-x. The 30 MPa line in Table B.
The kPa line in Table B. The line is continued in Table B. RA Tables B. Indicate in both the P-v and the T-v diagrams the location of the nearest states listed in the printed Table B. P Critical point. This is a 3rd order polynomial a cubic function in v.
The problem then is to find the roots or zero points in this cubic equation. The mathematical subject to study is to find zero points of functions or roots. Typically you will do it by some iteration technique. Successive substitutions, bi-section, Newton-Raphson are some of the methods you should learn.
What does that imply? So for a given P, the specific volume v is then larger than predicted by the ideal gas law. The molecules are pressed so close together that they have repulsive forces between them the electron clouds are getting closer.
The ideal gas law assumes the atoms molecules are point masses with no interactions between them and thus has a limit of zero specific volume as P goes to infinity.
Real molecules occupy some volume and the outer shell has a number of electrons with negative charges which can interact with one another if they are close enough.
Indicate the pressure range you have for each of the three phases vapor, liquid and solid. How high are pressure and density of carbon dioxide when the pressure and temperature are around the critical point? Repeat for ethyl alcohol. Find the pressure at the bottom and the corresponding melting temperature.
At what pressure must the liquid exist? Give the approximate pressure range in kPa for water being in each one of the three phases vapor, liquid or solid. From Fig. How cold must it be at atmospheric kPa pressure? If it is heated at kPa what eventually happens? The phase boundaries are shown in Figure 2. The kPa is below L the triple point. Assume the two substances have a phase diagram similar to Fig. Using only the critical properties can the phase of the mass be determined if the substance is oxygen, water or propane?
Solution: Find state relative to critical point properties which are from Table A. Solution: a. T a, b, c a,b,c. Solution: a From Table B. The S-L fusion line goes slightly to the a left for water. It tilts slightly to the right S b,c for most other substances. Solution: For all states start search in table B. This is a two-phase state at a given pressure: Table B.
Solution: All cases are seen in Table B. Solution: a B. Solution: P C. All states are two-phase with quality given. The overall specific volume is given by Eq. Make linear interpolation 0.
Some lids are clamped on, the problem deals with one that stays on due to its weight. What is the new quality and temperature? State 1 from Table B. The vessel is now heated. At this state the piston is 0.
How much is this distance and the temperature if the water is cooled to occupy half the original volume? Solution: State 1: B 1. To what pressure should it be compressed? What is the new quality and specific volume? For each location find the pressure and the change in specific volume v if the substance is ammonia. Solution: The properties come from the saturated tables where each phase change takes place at constant pressure and constant temperature.
In your refrigerator, the working substance evaporates from liquid to vapor at o C inside a pipe around the cold section. For each location find the pressure and the change in specific volume v. What is the mass fraction of solid at this temperature? The valve is now opened and the two come to a uniform state. Find the final specific volume. Solution: Control volume: both tanks. Constant total volume and mass process. A B sup.
Find the new pressure, and quality if saturated, if the volume doubles. Repeat the question for the case the volume is reduced to half the original volume. The tank is now slowly heated.
Will the liquid level inside eventually rise to the top or drop to the bottom of the tank? What if the initial mass is 1 kg instead of 6 kg? Solution: V 0. Vapor eventually reaches sat. To what pressure should it be expanded? How much vapor mass can you take out through the valve assuming the temperature stays constant? The top has saturated vapor at 20oC as long as there is a two phase inside. When there is no more liquid and vapor will be taken out pressure will drop for the remaining vapor so we can take it out until we reach P0.
Solution: Process: constant volume and constant mass. P State 2 is saturated vapor, from table B. How long time will it take before the methane becomes single phase and what is the pressure then? The piston initially resting on the stops has a mass such that a pressure of kPa will float it. Now the ammonia is slowly heated to 50oC. Find the final pressure and volume. Solution: C. Ammonia, constant mass. What is the quality in the tank? Vliq 0. What if the properties of saturated liquid at 20 MPa were used?
Solution: State 1: T, P compressed liquid seen in B. The constant T line is nearly vertical for the liquid phase in the P-v diagram. The state is at so high P, T that the saturated liquid line is not extremely steep. The system now cools until the pressure reaches kPa. Find the mass of water, the final state T2, v2 and plot the P—v diagram for the process. Solution: P 1: Table B.
It is heated until the pressure reaches 2. Find the final temperature. Has the final state more or less vapor than the initial state? How much mass should the petcock have to allow boiling at oC with an outside atmosphere at What will it be if we double V having m, T constant.
How much mass is there if the gas is a air, b neon or c propane? Use Table A. The cylinder cross-sectional area is 5 cm2. Comment: Dependent upon your understanding of the problem you could also have neglected the atmospheric pressure to get kPa and 0.
It is used to fill a balloon and when the pressure drops to kPa, the flow of helium stops by itself. If all the helium still is at K, how big a balloon did I get? The difference in mass is 0.
What is the gas, assuming it is a pure substance listed in Table A. How much helium does it contain? It can lift a total mass that equals the mass of displaced atmospheric air. How much mass of the balloon fabric and cage can then be lifted?
The room air at 20oC that was trapped in the glass gets heated up to 40oC and some of it leaks out so the net resulting pressure inside is 2 kPa above ambient pressure of kPa. Now the glass and the air inside cools down to room temperature. What is the pressure inside the glass? Now combustion heats it to K in a constant volume process. What is the mass of air and how high does the pressure become?
You must make one assumption on your own. By mistake someone lets 0. If the final temperature is K what is the final pressure? Calculate the specific volume at the set of temperatures and corresponding saturated pressure assuming ideal gas behavior. Solution: Ra. Table values from Table B. Solution: RA.
Solution: NH3. The valve is opened and the two tanks come to a uniform state at K. What is the final pressure? The pump rate of volume displacement is 0. How much water vapor has been removed over a min period? From table A. The valve is opened and air flows into the tank until the pressure reaches 5 MPa, at which point the valve is closed and the temperature inside is K.
What is the mass of air in the tank before and after the process? The tank eventually cools to room temperature, K. What is the pressure inside the tank then? Solution: P, T known at both states and assume the air behaves as an ideal gas. To what pressure should it be charged if there should be 1. Solution: Assume CO2 is an ideal gas, table A. It is now cooled at constant pressure to saturated vapor state 2 at which point the piston is locked with a pin.
Show the processes 1 to 2 and 2 to 3 on both a P—v and T—v diagram. Solution: State 1: T, P from table B. State 2: T, x from table B. The liquid in this state is incompressible with a low volume and the vapor is very close to the critical point. The compressibility for the saturated vapor alone is 0. Compare with table B. What if the generalized compressibility chart, Fig. Can the butane reasonably be assumed to behave as an ideal gas at this state?
Solution: We do not have a table in the B section for Chlorine so we must use the generalized chart. Estimate the total butane mass in the bottle using the generalized compressibility chart. Ethylene Table A. For the saturated states we can use Fig. Table D. Determine the mass using the compressibility factor. Solution: No Argon table, so we use generalized chart Fig. Find the pressure and specific volume. For R there is no section B table printed. We will use compressibility chart. From Table A.
Solution: For R there is no section B table printed. Comment: If you check with the software the solution is off by a factor of 6.
The linear interpolation is poor and so is the approximation for Pr sat so the real saturation pressure should be 6. Also the very small value of Zf is inaccurate by itself, minute changes in the curve gives large relative variations.
For a total of 1. Solution: As there is no section B table use compressibility chart. We can read from Figure D. For van der Waal equation of state from Table D. Nitrogen from table A. We want to find its specific volume from the CO2 table, ideal gas and van der Waals equation of state by iteration.
Notice this becomes trial and error. Carbon dioxide from table A. Trial and error on v start guided by Table B. Find the pressure using ideal A E. Locating the state in Table B. For Redlich-Kwong equation of state we have the parameters from Table D.
A tank contains 8. Interpolate between sat. States shown are placed relative to the two-phase region, not to each other. T States shown are C. Table B 2. These may be a little more difficult if the appendix tables are used instead of the software. Find the final temperature and specific volume. The valve is now opened and saturated vapor flows from A to B until the pressure in B has reached that in A, at which point the valve is closed. How much has the quality changed in tank A during the process?
A B vacuum. State A1: Table B. Vliq1 Vvap1 0. Find the final pressure and also the quality if in the two-phase region. Check state 2 in Table B. If sat. OK, A A. Through a volume flowmeter and valve, 0. The top of the tank b. The bottom of the tank.
Top: flow out is sat. Bottom: flow out is sat. It is now cooled until the water becomes saturated vapor. Sketch the P-v diagram and find the final pressure.
Solution: State 1: Table B. Here from B. Due to heat transfer, some of the liquid evaporates and in one hour the liquid level drops 30 mm. The vapor leaving the container passes through a valve and a heater and exits at kPa, K. Calculate the volume rate of flow of nitrogen gas exiting the heater. Solution: Properties from table B. It is desired to know the pressure at this condition, but there is no means of measuring it, since the tube is sealed.
What is the initial pressure? The system is heated, causing the piston to rise and encounter a linear spring as shown in Fig.
At this point the volume is 1. The heating continues, so the piston compresses the spring. What is the cylinder temperature when the pressure reaches kPa? Estimate the percent error in the mass determination if the ideal gas model is used. Linear interpolation between and K at 2 MPa. Ideal gas assumption RT 0.
A valve on the cylinder is opened and additional ammonia flows into the cylinder until the mass inside has doubled. If at this point the pressure is 1. Solution: State 1 Table B. The cylinder contains carbon dioxide at kPa and ambient temperature of K.
The pin is now removed, allowing the piston to move and after a while the gas returns to ambient temperature. Is the piston against the stops? Solution: Force balance on piston determines equilibrium float pressure.
The balloon is inflated to a final diameter of 4 m, at which point the pressure inside is kPa. What is the maximum pressure inside the balloon at any time during this inflation process?
What is the pressure inside the helium storage tank at this time? The kg piston has a diameter of 0. The cylinder now cools as heat is transferred to the ambient.
At what temperature does the piston begin to move down? How far has the piston dropped when the temperature reaches ambient? P2 T3 Solution: Table B. We must then do a linear interpolation between these values. To understand the interpolation equation look at the smaller and larger triangles formed in the figure.
The ratio of the side of the small triangle in v as 0. Sketch by hand the curve Psat T by using a few table entries around kPa from table B. Is your linear interpolation over or below the actual curve?
The actual curve has a positive second derivative it curves up so T is slightly underestimated by use of the chord between the K and the K points, as the chord is above the curve. P Interpolating at 0. Solution: The state is superheated vapor in Table B. Start the software, click the tab for water as the substance, and click the small calculator icon. Select the proper CASE for the given properties. Start the software, click the tab for cryogenic substances, and click the tab for the substance ammonia.
Then click the small calculator icon and select the proper CASE for the given properties. Start the software, click the tab for cryogenic substances, select ammonia and click the small calculator icon.
Compare this to the value given by the computer software. Extend the curve a little into the single-phase region. P was found for a number of temperatures. A small table of P, T values were entered into a spreadsheet and a graph made as shown below. What pressure should the pressure cooker be set for? Solution: If I need liquid water at F, I must have a pressure that is at least the saturation pressure for this temperature.
Table F. The pot must have a lid that can be fastened to hold the higher pressure, which is a pressure cooker. Ammonia Tables F. Cross-hair indicates the state. This is a two-phase state at a given pressure: Table F. Notice that the liquid volume is only about 0.
Indicate in both the P-v and the T-v diagrams the location of the nearest states listed in the printed table F. From F. The gas constant for a substance can be found from the universal gas constant from table A. Solution: ln P S The phases can be seen in Fig. Solution: Find state relative to the critical point properties, Table F. A short summary of this paper. Concept Problems Properties, Units and Force Specific Volume Pressure Manometers and Barometers Energy and Temperature Review problems Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been adopted.
Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections or of the United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Download full file from buklibry. Find the kinetic energy. How high should it be lifted in the standard gravitational field to have a potential energy that equals the kinetic energy?
Solution: Table B. Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been adopted. Find it using ideal gas and Table A. The proper value for u at this state is found from the CATT software to be The actual vapor compression cycle is examined in Chapter 9.
0コメント